A sequential conditional mean model for assessing total effects of exposure in longitudinal data / 中华流行病学杂志

In prospective cohort study, multi follow up is often necessary for study subjects, and the observed values are correlated with each other, usually resulting in time-dependent confounding. In this case, the data generally do not meet the application conditions of traditional multivariate regression analysis. Sequential conditional mean model (SCMM) is a new approach that can deal with time-dependent confounding. This paper mainly summarizes the basic theory, steps and characteristics of SCMM.

Association between circulating vaspin levels and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and Meta－analysis / 中华疾病控制杂志

@#Objective To review the existing literature and quantitatively evaluate the association of circulating vaspin levels and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM) ． Methods We systematically searched the PubMed，EMBASE，Web of Science，China National Knowledge Infrastructure，and WanfangData databases up to June 2019． Pooled standardized mean differences ( SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals ( CIs) were calculated using random－ or fixed－effects models based on the heterogeneity of studies． Subgroup analyses，Meta－regression，sensitivity and publication bias were assessed to analyze the heterogeneity and the robustness of the results． All statistical analyses were performed using STATA 12．0． Ｒesults Nine articles ( 11 comparisons) published from 2013 to 2019 were included in our final Meta－analysis，covering a total of 738 patients with GDM and 661 normal pregnant women． There was significant difference in the overall maternal circulating vaspin levels between GDM patients and healthy pregnant women ( SMD= 0．613，95% CI: 0．044－1．182，P= 0．035) ． Subgroup analyses stratified by trimester in which vaspin was measured and whether BMI was matched suggested the similar trend to the overall result． Subgroup analysis according to ethnicity found that circulating vaspin level might not be related to GDM in " European" subgroup; sensitivity analysis by excluding moderate－quality studies and BMI－unmatched studies found that circulating vaspin levels were still related to GDM risk． Conclusions Our Meta－analysis indicated that maternal circulating vaspin levels might be positively correlated with the risk of GDM in Asians．

Analysis of injury results of hospital outpatient / emergency in Hunan Province injury surveillance system from 2015 to 2017 / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To analyze the causes and epidemiological characteristics of injury in Hunan Province, so as provide scientific basis for the development of intervention measures of injury. Methods The Excel 2007 software and SPSS 18.0 software were used to organize and analyze the injury surveillance system data. Results A total of 107 754 effective cases were collected in three years, and the male-female ratio was 1.65:1. The top three causes of injury were falls(36.0%), motor vehicle accident (20.6%) and sharp knife injury (11.8%). The locations of injuries were mainly roads (30.9%) and homes (28.3%). The top three activities at the time of injury were leisure activities (24.7%), driving (17.6%) and work (16.4%). 93.2% of injury was unintentional injury, and the degree of injury was mainly mild injury (74.3%). Conclusions The number of injuries is increasing year by year. The number of male injuries is more than that of females. Systematic research and intervention measures should focus on falls and motor vehicle accident .

Study on the causes of sexual orientation of gay / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relevant factors of the causes of sexual orientations of gay.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>From March to June 2013, 350 gays were recruited from one music bar and three bath centers where gays frequently visited in Changsha city, by proportional stratified sampling method. Meanwhile, another 332 males who identify themselves as non-homosexuality were also recruited considering the composition of ages, gender and educational background. Questionnaire survey was conducted to all the subjects, with 300 effective ones reclaimed. The questionnaire included the general demographic information, traits of character, the condition of foster in childhood and information of family members. The differences between the gays and non-homosexuality groups were analyzed to explore the causes of the sexual orientations of gays.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were statistical significant differences between gays and non- homosexuality group on following indexes (χ(2) was 59.63, 5.90, 16.01, 84.99, 161.57, 77.77, 112.32, 190.84, 30.10 respectively, all of P < 0.05) :had a tender father and an impervious mother, were physically weak, not agile, physically inactive, attentive to details, highly conservative, not adventurous, and radical in childhood, were raised as girls before the age of 18, liked to dress as girls before the age of 18, don't liked to play toy knives and toy guns before the age of 18, suffered from sexual abuse before the age of 18 (e.g. forced to expose private parts or forced to have sex) by adults, had read or watched books or films about homosexual and experienced sexual pleasure from that before the age of 18. The rate of gays on these indexes was separately 62.3% (187/300), 57.7% (173/300) , 62.3% (187/300) , 63.0% (189/300), 67.3% (202/300) , 62.7% (189/300), 68.0% (204/300), 65.0% (195/300) and the rate on these indexes of non-homosexuality group was separately 21.3% (64/300), 28.0% (84/300) , 25.0% (75/300) , 12.7% (38/300), 31.3% (94/300), 17.7% (53/300) , 12.7% (38/300), 42.7% (128/300) . The rate of gays on these factors:the youngest boy in family, had the father or twin brothers who were homosexual or self identified as gay was 62.7% (188/300), 56.0% (168/300) and 62.0% (18/29) respectively; and the rate was 40.7% (122/300), 4.0% (12/300) and 20.0% (2/10), respectively among non-homosexuality group. The difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) was 34.52, 193.14, 5.27 respectively, all of P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The correlative factor of sexual orientation of gays maybe was family relationship, tend and education since childhood, psychological characteristics, sexual experience during puberty.</p>

Pre-conceptive factors on the birth ponderal index / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the pre-conceptive factors on birth ponderal index (PI).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fourteen towns were selected randomly from the 37 towns of Liuyang county, Hunan province, through cluster sampling in a prospective cohort study. Information was collected on all the women registered at the Maternity and Child Care Departments, and were planning to give birth in the coming year plus willing to receive a blood test and then followed-up until delivery. Single factor analysis would involve chi-square test and correlation analysis, while the multiple-factor analysis would adopt binary logistic regression method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 1368 women were recruited in the cohort and 611 of them had a delivery of one child. Means of birth weight, birth length, and birth PI were (3.26 ± 0.43) kg, (50 ± 0.46) cm and 26.08 ± 3.43, respectively. Data from the multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that income (OR = 6.920, 95%CI: 1.089 - 43.974) and cortisone levels (OR = 5.121, 95%CI: 0.886 - 29.611) were related to low PI, while LDL-C (OR = 3.736, 95%CI: 0.848 - 16.461), waistline (OR = 6.846, 95%CI: 1.441 - 32.532), education (OR = 0.169, 95%CI: 0.029 - 0.995), and insulin (OR = 0.141, 95%CI: 0.016 - 1.277) were related to high PI.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Birth PI was associated with income, waistline, education, insulin, cortisone, and LDL-C. Before conception, women should go through necessary tests and keep a good physical condition to reduce their neonates of having abnormal PI.</p>

Changes in blood pressure and related determinants before and during normal pregnancy / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the longitudinal changes of blood pressure (BP) and its related determinants before and during normal pregnancy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>14 townships were randomly selected by cluster random sampling method from 37 townships in Liuyang city, Hunan province. Subjects are all women at childbearing age in these 14 townships registered from April 2008 to December 2011. When the subjects visited to the local maternity and child-care agencies for pre-marital check, they were face-to-face interviewed and asked to fill out the questionnaire and finish the medical examination. Following-up program was carried out until delivery, with BP and other pregnancy information checked and collected. Analysis on variance of data regarding repeated measurements were used to investigate the changes of BP and related determinants.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 611 cases with complete data were recruited, after excluding 41 cases who were diagnosed as pregnancy-induced hypertension. Finally, data on 570 healthy women with singleton pregnancies was analyzed. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) at pre-pregnancy, first trimester, second trimester and third trimester were (109.9 ± 12.9) mm Hg, (100.6 ± 9.6) mm Hg, (102.6 ± 10.1) mm Hg, (107.8 ± 10.9) mm Hg, respectively while the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of pre-pregnancy, first trimester, second trimester and third trimester were (71.1 ± 9.0) mm Hg, (64.3 ± 6.6) mm Hg, (65.1 ± 6.8) mm Hg, (68.3 ± 8.1) mm Hg, respectively. The pre-pregnancy BP was lower than the three periods after pregnancy. BP of the third trimester was higher than that of the ones at first or second trimesters, with the difference statistically significant. SBP and DBP both indicated that there were statistically significant changes in the four periods and the linear trend test showed statistically significant. Pre-pregnancy BMI, pre-pregnancy waist circumference and annual per capita income were determinants which affecting the changes of BP. Higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), wider pre-pregnancy waist circumference and higher annual per capita income were associated with higher BP, while annual per capita income mainly affecting the pre-pregnancy BP.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>BP of the three periods after pregnancy were lower than that of pre-pregnancy. BP of the third trimester was higher than both the first and second trimesters'. Pre-pregnancy BMI, pre-pregnancy waist circumference and annual per capita income were determinants which affecting the changes of BP.</p>

Dynamic investigation on the co-infection status of two pathogens in ticks from tourist point in Heilongjiang province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To monitor the co-infection status of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (R.b.s.1) and spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR) in tourist areas of Heilongjiang province.Methods Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer of B.b.s.1 and ompA of SFGR in ticks,dynamically collected from tourist areas of Heilongjiang province in 2010.Amplification products from positive ticks were sequenced,and phylogenetic analysis was conducted by Mega 5.0 software package.Results 849 ticks were collected from two tourist points,with the dominant ticks in Tiger Mountain and Jingpo Lake were Ixodes persulcatus and Haemaphysalis concinna.Regarding the Ixodes persulcatus from Tiger Mountain,the infection rates of B.b.s.1 and SFGR were 26.15％ and 10.05％.The infection rate of SFGR was 13.33％ in Haemaphysalis concinna and the B.b.s.1 was tndiscovered in the same ticks from Jingpo Lake.However,the co-infection could only be detected in Ixodes persulcatus of both tourist areas.Surveillance data showed that the major ticks were more likely to be appeared in July at Tiger Mountain and in June at Jingpo Lake.Data from the sequence analysis on B.b.s.1 showed that the B.b.s.1 in tourist areas could be classified into three different genotypes,other than B.garinii and B.afzelii.We first detected B.valaisiana-like group genotype in northeast of China.Results from the sequence analysis of SFGR positive products showed that the two DNA sequences of newly detected agents were completely the same as Rickettsia sp.HL-93 which was detected in Hulin and Rickettsia sp.H820 found in northeast,China.Conclusion The co-infection of B.b.s.1 and SFGR was detected in ticks from the tourist areas of Heilongjiang province,and data from the sequencing of specific fragment showed that various kinds of genotypes existed in this area.However; the rates of co-infectionitis-different according to environment,time and population that contributed to the kinds of and the index of ticks existed in the surveys points,also the infection rate of the ticks was studied.

An investigation on the trend and related determinants of cigarette smoking on experimental smokers among undergraduate students in Changsha / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the trend and related determinants of cigarette smoking on experimental smokers among undergraduate students in Changsha.Methods Stratified sampling method was adopted and 3600 undergraduate students from grade 1 to 3 in Changsha city were investigated through a self-administered questionnaire.All the experimental smokers during the last month were selected and divided into two groups based on the present smoking status.x2 test and logistic regression analysis were used to compare the differences of cigarette smoking among subpopulations and to explore the determinants.Results Among the 1550 experimental smokers of undergraduate students,the prevalence of cigarette smoking was 30.8％(95％CI:28.5-33.1).Students from the second-class(OR=2.367)or the third-class universities(OR=2.562)were more likely to adopt smoking behavior than those from top universities.Students majored in sports or arts(OR=2.456)were significantly more inclined to smoke than the liberal arts students.Students whose father were cadres(OR=1.602)were more likely to become smokers than those whose fathers were workers.Students being males(OR=7.386),having high monthly expenses(OR=1.139),with positive attitude to smoking benefits(OR=1.140)were risk factors for smoking.Number of smoking members in the family(OR=1.801)was significantly associated with the prevalence of cigarette smoking.Knowledge on diseases caused by smoking(OR=0.806)was protecting factor to smoking among the experimental smokers.Conclusion Those experimental smokers among undergraduate students might become smokers and the determinants of cigarette smoking behavior would include:ranking of universities,students' major,gender,father' s occupation,amount of pocket money,number of smoking members in the family,knowledge about smoking,the attitude to the benefit of smoking.

Characteristics and the estimated size of men who have sex with men in different venues of one city / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the features,safe Sex behavior and the size of men who have sex with men(MSM)population in actuaI and virtual venues in one city.Methods We carried out a cross-sectional study in actual and virtual venues,using the Estimated Size of Population from a Single Sample(LMS method)to estimate the size of MSM population.Results Most MSM in actual venues were 24-43 year olds and had received high school education,whereas in virtual venues,the majority of this population were younger than 29 years old and had higher education,including some college students.The awareness of AIDS of the two groups from different venues showed no statistically significant difierence,neither the safe sex behaviors.Proportions of the MSM population in actual and virtuaI venues were 21.22%(16 383,95%CI:11514-21252)and 78.78%(60830,95%CI:57327-64329),respectively.After adjusting the overlapping part of the MSM from both venues,the total number was between 60 830 and 77213,constituting a proportion of 5.03%-6.38%in the sexually active male population(15-64 year olds)in this city.Conclusion The size of the MSM population was large but the characteristics were different in the actual or virtual venues.As most MSM preferred going to the virtual venues,intervention program on AIDS-specific strategy in this area,in particular dealing with the Internet,should be strenthened.

Analysis of HIV/syphilis/HCV infection among drug users in 15 cities, China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the HIV infection rate and relevant behavioural characteristics among drug users (DUs) in the 15 cities of China-Gates HIV/AIDS Program.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>By literature review from the public security sector and expert consultations, the size of drug using population was estimated, questionnaire was used to survey relevant behavioural characteristics of DUs, and blood specimens were collected for HIV, syphilis and HCV testing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 2007, the number of registered DUs in the 15 cities was 176 004, while the estimated number was 477 989. DUs mainly used heroin and crystal meth. Of the survey subjects, 41.0% (2685/6155) had correct knowledge about HIV/AIDS, and Hangzhou 97.6% (410/420), Qingdao 85.5% (342/400), Wuhan 69.7% (308/442), Kunming 63.8% (255/400), Shanghai 45.4% (237/522), Xi'an 44.5% (178/400), Nanjing 38.8% (155/400), Beijing 36.5% (237/650), Guangzhou 29.5% (122/413), Haerbin 25.4% (114/447), Haikou 23.8% (96/402), Chongqing 22.4% (90/401), Sanya 20.0% (80/400), Tianjin 16.2% (41/253), Shenyang 9.8% (20/205), and the difference among the cities has statistical significance (χ(2) = 1482.833, P < 0.05). The rate of needle sharing at the last injection was 10.8% (665/6155), and Hangzhou 10.8% (45/420), Chongqing 26.4% (106/401), Guangzhou 2.6% (11/413), Shenyang 31.3% (64/205), Shanghai 0.4% (2/522), Kunming 10.8% (43/400), Beijing 10.6% (69/650), Tianjin 5.4% (14/253), Xi'an 3.3% (13/400), Wuhan 17.9% (79/442), Sanya 20.0% (80/400), Haikou 2.2% (9/402), Haerbin 8.5% (38/447), Nanjing 21.4% (86/400), Qingdao 1.5% (6/400), and the difference among the cities has statistical significance (χ(2) = 483.044, P < 0.05). Only 5.0% (8737/176 004) of DUs and 1.2% of HIV positive DUs participated in needle exchange. The HIV, syphilis and HCV infection rates were respectively 2.76% (155/5620), 3.38% (190/5620) and 32.35% (1818/5620). The HIV infection rates of different city was:Hangzhou 0.4% (1/273), Chongqing 7.5% (30/401), Guangzhou 2.9% (12/413), Shenyang 0.5% (1/205), Shanghai 0.32% (1/316), Kunming 16.25% (65/400), Beijing 2.6% (16/624), Tianjin 2.0% (5/253), Xi'an 1.25% (5/400), Wuhan 0.24% (1/411), Sanya 1.75% (7/400), Haikou 0.2% (1/402), Haerbin 1.1% (5/447), Nanjing 1.1% (3/275), Qingdao 0.5% (2/400), and the difference among the cities has statistical significance (χ(2) = 354.203, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The HIV prevalence rate of IDUs in 15 cities slowly decreased although the HIV prevalence rate of IDUs in Chongqing and Kunming and other cities had surpassed the international warning level. The risk of sharing needles for HIV infection was dropped, and more attention should be paid to the potential risk of HIV transmission via unsafe sex due to the use of new drugs, such as amphetamine chloride.</p>

A nested case-control study on the influencing factors of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Hunan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To determine the risk factors related to tuberculosis infection among people living with HIV/AIDS and to develop strategies for preventing the co-infection.Methods A 1:2matched nested case-control study was carried out to analyze the influencing factors of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS.Results 1018 people living with HIV/AIDS were followed up for one year with a total number of 736.75 person-years,among them 62 tuberculosis cases were diagnosed.The incidence density of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS was 8.42 persons per 100 person-years.Factors as education level(OR=0.483),vaccination history of Bacille Calmette Guerin(OR=0.561),CD_4~+ count T-lymphocyte(OR=0.356),unemployment(OR=1.976),living alone(OR=2.646),and smoking(OR=2.215)were significantly related to the prevalence of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS.Conclusion High education level,with vaccination history of Bacille Calmette Guerin and high level of CD_4~+ T-lymphocyte count were protective factors while being unemployed,living alone,and smoking habit were risk factors related to the prevalence of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS.

The application of Support Vector Machine for prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder on adults in flood district / 中华流行病学杂志

To predict the occurrence ofposttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) on adults in flood district.Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals on Mental Disorders (IV Edition) were used to examine and diagnose the victims in flood districts.Based on the forecasting model of SVM with PTSD as dependent variables and 23 influence factors of PTSD as independent variables,prediction of PTSD was conducted among the victims.After considering 23 influence factors into the prediction model,the agreement rate of prediction of the model was 88.05 percent,with sensitivity as 75.0 percent,and specificity as 89.4percent.Conclusion: The prediction model based on SVM with 23 influence factors had good effect on predicting the occurrence of PTSD.

Interaction between exposure to environmental smoke and the family history of chronic bronchitis (CB) on the risk of CB in rural females in Liuyang city, Hunan province / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationships and interaction among the exposure to environmental smoke, family history of chronic bronchitis (CB) and CB, in rural women.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A population-based case-control study chi(2) was used to analyze the relationship between environmental smoke exposure, CB family history and CB. Additive effects model was used to analyze the interaction.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the first stage, 157 CB patients were screened from 24 268 women residents (prevalence rate is 6.47 per thousand), then 92 patients (case group) and 114 healthy women (control group) were investigated in the second stage. Results showed that: coal/firewood for heating (OR = 36.21) and CB family history (OR = 6.41) might serve as the risk factors of CB in rural women (P < 0.05). Factors as frequent cooking and using coal/firewood for heating had a positive interaction with family history of CB in rural women, CB with S as 5.39 and 9.02, attributable proportions of interaction (API) as 72% and 88%, relative excess risk of interaction (RERI) as 6.50 and 225.99, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Using coal/firewood for heating and CB family history might be the risk factors of CB for rural women. A positive interaction between cooking frequently, heating model and CB family history was also seen.</p>

Study on risk factors and predictive model for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in the rural population / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the risk factors on the symptoms of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation so as to develop a predictive model for the disease. Methods With a populationbased case-control study, 303 of 50 123 residents were diagnosed as having lumbar intervertebral disc herniation symptoms. 152 cases and 167 healthy controls, matched by gender and age, were randomly chosen as case and control groups. Questionnaires were used to collect information on the exposure to risk factors and logistic predictive model was then established. Results Through non-conditional logistic regression analysis, data showed that the positive family history of lumbar vertebra disorder, lumbar treatment or surgery, mental stress, acute low back injury, permanent work pose, and body mass index ≥23.0 kg/m2 were the risk factors among residents from the countryside. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of logistic predictive model was 0.809. When 0.4 was set as the classification cutoff, the total predictive correct rate, sensitivity, and specificity were 74.0%, 73.7%, and 74.3% respectively. Conclusion The occurrence of lumbar disk herniationcan in countryside population was affected by multi-variables including genetic and environmental, and could be predicted with the logistic regression model established by our group.The positive predictive results could be used to alarm the patients and doctors for prevention and treatment of the disease.

HIV infection and KAP status among men who have sex with men in 14 Chinese cities / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the current status of HIV infection and HIV-related knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in 14 cities in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cluster sampling method was administrated and 14 large or medium cities were selected. The respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was also used to conduct a questionnaire survey in 6101 MSM. Blood specimens were collected for HIV and syphilis testing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 6101 MSM were selected and investigated, with an HIV infection rate of 6.3% (384/6101) and a syphilis infection rate of 14.0% (854/6101). The proportion of MSM knowing correct HIV/AIDS knowledge was 59.7% (3644/6101); 6.2% (378/6101) and 11.2% (683/6101) of the respondents ever had buying sex or selling sex in the last six months respectively; the proportion of consistent condom-using each time while with male partners in the last month was 39.2% (2392/6101). The proportion of condom-using while with male partners was 65.2% (3978/6101) in the last time among MSM.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A high HIV infection rate was observed among MSM with limited HIV/AIDS awareness and high risk behaviors. It is necessary to initiate a rapid response to prevent HIV spreading in MSM.</p>

Study on the time of retention and related influencing factors of patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment in Hunan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective to explore the current situation and related influencing factors on the retention time of patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Methods Information on basic situation and daily treatment of the patients were collected from the 7 MMT clinics opened in the pro-two batch in Hunan province. Retention rate and influencing factors were analyzed. Results (1) The retention rates after 6 and 12 months of MMT became 72.06% and 49.65% respectively. (2) The retention rates of high-dosage group and low-dosage group were 85.03% and 68.03% after 6 months on MMT program while became 60.48% and 46.28% after 12 months of MMT respectively. (3) The mean retention time of HIV+ patients and HIV- patients were 9.46 months and 8.62 months respectively during the 12 months follow-up observation, showing a significant difference. (4) Patients who took large dose methadone, did not share needles, at older age or HIV+ , were prone to keep MMT at a long period. Conclusion The retention rates for 6 months and 12 months in the MMT program in Hunan province were similar to the national data. Dose, type of drug abuse, age and HIV status were related to the period of retention.

Effect of health service and its influence factors in flood disaster areas / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of health service and its influential factors in flood disaster areas.@*METHODS@#Fifty-five towns were sampled randomly from Dongting Lake area suffering from flood in 1998. The health service level, effect, and its influence factors were investigated retrospectively.@*RESULTS@#The incidence rate of notifiable infectious diseases was 11.7 per thousand, prevalence rate of chronic disease was 51.2 per thousand, infant mortality rate was 43.1 per thousand, neonatal mortality rate was 10.2 per thousand, and the total mortality rate was 554.3/100,000 in Dongting Lake area. The health investment level was significantly associated with the incidence rate of notifiable infectious diseases, the infant mortality rate, and total mortality rate. Duration of flood and income per capita were important factors for the effect of health investment.@*CONCLUSION@#Increasing health investment and residents' income in the flood disaster area, shortening the duration of flood would play positive role in residents' health in the flood disaster area.

Quality of life for drug abusers accepting methadone maintenance treatment / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the change and influence factors of quality of life QOL for drug abusers who accepted methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).@*METHODS@#The questionnaire of QOL-BRIEF was used to measure the level of QQL when patients just entered the study and 6 months after the treatment respectively. The effect of therapy and characteristic of patients on change of QOL was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The scores in physiological domain, psychological domain, and the total score obviously increased after the treatment. There was no significant difference in the change of QOL between the patients of different dose groups. The QOLs of males and patients with long-time drug use improved significantly after the treatment.@*CONCLUSION@#MMT can raise the QOL of drug abusers. Gender and time of drug use may be the risk factors of QOL improvement.

Years of potential life of residents among different flood areas in Hunan province / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the damage of different types of floods on the residents health.@*METHODS@#The methods of standard mortality rate (SMR) and years of potential life lost (YPLL) were used to analyze the death of sample residents from flood areas in Dongting Lake in Hunan province.@*RESULTS@#The order of death causes in the soaked area, the collapsed area and the non-flood area was the same. But the mortality rates of residents injury, poisoning and malignant neoplasm diseases in the soaked area and the collapsed area were higher than those of non-flood area. The resident standard rates of years of potential life lost (SYPLL) in the soaked area and the collapsed area were higher than that of the controls, especially in the age group of 30 to 45. The flood-attributed SYPLL in the male was higher than that of the female.@*CONCLUSION@#Flood actually affected the health of residents. The more serious the flood is, the worse the effect is. It is very important to decrease the resident mortality rate of the injury, poisoning and malignant neoplasm, and to pay attention to protect people of 30 to 45 years old in flood areas.

A research on the public health index related to the comprehensive assessment on floods / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop a public health index related to the comprehensive assessment on the impact caused by floods.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) theory was used to establish the initial evaluation system on the impact of floods. Modified-Delphi process was used to screen and determine the indicators and their weights while synthetical scored method was used to establish the comprehensive assessment model. Percentile was used to differentiate the degree of floods. Finally, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation analysis were used to test the differentiability of the model for different degree of floods and the independence of these indicators.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The model of comprehensive assessment on the impact of floods was set up, including six first-ranking indicators and twenty-four sub-indicators. The values of comprehensive assessment were divided into five grades by the percentiles. Verified results indicated that there were significant difference among the five grades (F = 76.11, P < 0.01) and all indicators were independent.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>An index of comprehensive assessment on the impact of floods was established, which could be used to evaluate the impact of floods and to differentiate the degree of flood, which seemed to have the characteristic of reliability, comprehensiveness and practicability.</p>